{"id":8542,"date":"2019-04-10T12:34:01","date_gmt":"2019-04-10T10:34:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/body-composition\/muscle-mass-index-mmi\/"},"modified":"2025-04-26T22:04:46","modified_gmt":"2025-04-26T20:04:46","slug":"muscle-mass-index-mmi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/diagnostics\/body-composition\/muscle-mass-index-mmi\/","title":{"rendered":"Muscle mass index MMI"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8542\" class=\"elementor elementor-8542 elementor-4032\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-418aac2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"418aac2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92da179\" data-id=\"92da179\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f53f590 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f53f590\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>The muscle mass index MMI<\/h1><p><em>Authors: Eva Heinen, graduate sports scientist (Univ), Prof. Dr. med. Edgar Heinen<\/em><\/p><p>As described in the FFMI chapter, fat-free mass does not only consist of muscle mass &#8211; as described in many publications &#8211; but also of:<\/p><ul><li>The fat-free mass of the adipose tissue <a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/koerperzusammensetzung\/index-der-fettfreien-masse-ffmi\/\">[see FFMI].<\/a><\/li><li>The mass of the internal organs (without fat)<\/li><li>The mass of skin (without subcutaneous fatty tissue) and bone (without fatty marrow) <a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/total-body-bone-mineral-mass-bmc-index\/\">[see BMCI].<\/a><\/li><li>As well as the muscle mass (also this without fat mass)<\/li><\/ul><p>After <a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/koerperzusammensetzung\/index-der-fettfreien-masse-ffmi\/\">eliminating the problem of fat-free mass in adipose tissue<\/a>, we now approach the second parameter of particular interest alongside fat mass: muscle mass: After all, muscle mass is highly variable and of particular interest during training and weight changes, especially when losing weight.<\/p><p>In contrast to the muscles, it can be assumed that the mass of the internal organs, skin and bones (after eliminating the problem of fat storage) does not change significantly in comparison to body weight, neither during training nor when losing weight. It therefore makes sense to combine <strong>skin<\/strong>, <strong>bones<\/strong>and <strong>internal<\/strong> <strong>organs<\/strong>into one overall parameter (HKIO). Figuratively speaking, you can imagine a person who consists only of skin, bones and internal organs and who no longer has any fat or muscle.<\/p><p>However, it can be assumed that the mass of skin and <a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/total-body-bone-mineral-mass-bmc-index\/\">bones (see bone mass index)<\/a> and the internal organs also show a dependence on body size, so that the use of an index in the usual way is also appropriate here.<\/p><p>While average weights can easily be found for the internal organs, it is more problematic for the skin, bones and intestines. On the basis of different data, in particular the preparation data of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11533940\"> Clarys et al, 1999<\/a>, the assumption of a mass of 22 kg for skin, bones plus internal organs, each without fat in a 1.70 meter tall man seems appropriate. An appreciable difference in the fat-free masses mentioned for women cannot be assumed. It therefore seems reasonable to assume that a reasonable value for a skin, bone and internal organ index (HKIO index) of 7.6 kg\/m\u00b2 is realistic (22 kg\/1.7 m\/1.7 m). With this assumption, a quite realistic muscle mass index (MMI) can be calculated from the following formula:<\/p><p>MMI = BMI &#8211; FMI &#8211; Fat-free mass index of adipose tissue &#8211; HKIO index.<\/p><p>The fat-free mass index of the adipose tissue is calculated from the FMI*0.282<\/p><p><a id=\"normmmi\"><\/a>The following mean values \u00b1 standard deviations for the MMI were determined for the group studied:<br \/>Women: 5.0 \u00b1 1.9 kg\/m\u00b2<br \/>Men: 10.6 \u00b1 2.2 kg\/m\u00b2<\/p><p>Based on these parameters, a woman with an MMI of &lt; 3.1 kg\/m\u00b2 would be described as having weak muscles, while a woman with an MMI of &gt; 6.9 would be described as having strong muscles. Between the two values are the 66.8% who have normal musculature.<\/p><p>In men, an MMI of &lt; 8.4 would be the limit to a weakly developed musculature, an MMI of &gt; 12.8 kg\/m\u00b2 would be considered a strongly developed musculature.<\/p><p>If you have the muscle mass index, you can calculate the muscle mass for each person examined:<br \/>Muscle mass = MMI * height\u00b2 (m\u00b2) and check whether there is a correlation between the muscle mass or the MMI and height.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_4111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4111\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4111\" src=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/K%C3%B6rpergr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe-und-Muskelmasse-e1555317542902.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"291\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4111\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 1: There is a highly significant correlation (p&lt; 0.001) between body size and muscle mass in women (pink dots) and men (blue dots)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>A highly significant (p&lt;0.001) correlation between muscle mass and height was found for both women and men. The difference in muscle mass between men and women is &#8211; depending on body size &#8211; 12 &#8211; 20 kg!<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_4112\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4112\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4112\" src=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/K%C3%B6rpergr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe-und-Muskel-Masse_index-e1555317771471.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"291\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4112\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 2: For women (pink dots) and men (blue dots), there is no significant correlation between body size and muscle mass index. The mean muscle mass index for men is about twice as high as for women.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>If, on the other hand, the relationship between the muscle mass index and height is examined, no significant correlation can be found for either women or men.<\/p><p>Experience shows that an index is of little use to the user. Instead, they want to know what muscle mass is considered normal, weak or strong for their body size. That is why we have provided you with a table for women and men to download, which allows you to assess the muscle mass (in kg) for the respective body size of the woman or man.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_4516\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4516\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4516\" src=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-M%C3%A4nner.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-M\u00e4nner.jpg 415w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-M\u00e4nner-146x300.jpg 146w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-M\u00e4nner-71x146.jpg 71w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-M\u00e4nner-24x50.jpg 24w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-M\u00e4nner-36x75.jpg 36w\" alt=\"\" width=\"415\" height=\"855\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4516\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Standard values for the muscle mass of men depending on their height. The mean values for height +\/- 1 standard deviation are referred to as normal muscle mass, values &lt; &#8211; 1 SD are referred to as &#8220;weak muscle mass&#8221;, those &gt; + 1 SD as &#8220;strong muscle mass&#8221;.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/download\/6013\/\">Download as PDF<\/a>:<\/strong><\/p><p>Normal values are usually defined as the mean +\/- 2 standard deviations. Given the great variability of muscle mass, only the mean value +\/- 1 SD was defined as the normal range; values &lt; &#8211; 1 SD are referred to as &#8220;muscle-weak&#8221;, those &gt; + 1 SD as &#8220;muscle-strong&#8221;.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_4518\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4518\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4518\" src=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-Frauen.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-Frauen.jpg 415w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-Frauen-146x300.jpg 146w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-Frauen-71x146.jpg 71w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-Frauen-24x50.jpg 24w, https:\/\/profheinen.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Muskelmasse-Frauen-36x75.jpg 36w\" alt=\"\" width=\"415\" height=\"855\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4518\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Standard values for the muscle mass of women as a function of their height. The mean values for height +\/- 1 standard deviation are referred to as normal muscle mass, values &lt; &#8211; 1 SD are referred to as &#8220;weak muscle mass&#8221;, those &gt; + 1 SD as &#8220;strong muscle mass&#8221;.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/download\/6040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Download as PDF:<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p>The differences between men and women are considerable! An example of the body composition including the musculature for women and men can be found on the summary page: <a class=\"__mPS2id\" href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/body-composition\/#muskelmannfrau\">Body composition.<\/a><\/p><p>In the chapter on <a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/sport-exercise\/sport-exercise-osteoporosis\/\">exercise and osteoporosis<\/a>, we presented an interesting correlation between muscle mass and total body bone mineral content in people under the age of 40.<\/p><p>One problem that has not really been solved to date is edema, water retention, which leads to an incorrectly high muscle mass in practically all routine procedures. Conversely, in the stage of exsiccosis, dehydration, too low a muscle mass is determined (e.g. when taking or abusing diuretic medication, e.g. to achieve weight loss, better to feign).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0c7e1f\" data-id=\"e0c7e1f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66e170 hfe-nav-menu__align-left hfe-submenu-icon-arrow hfe-submenu-animation-none hfe-link-redirect-child hfe-nav-menu__breakpoint-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-navigation-menu\" data-id=\"a66e170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/diagnostics\/body-composition\/bioelectrical-impedance-analysis-bia\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-10522\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/diagnostics\/body-composition\/fmi-fat-mass-index\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">FMI fat mass index<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-9392\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/diagnostics\/body-composition\/fat-free-mass-index-ffmi\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Fat-free mass index FFMI<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-9393\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/diagnostics\/body-composition\/muscle-mass-index-mmi\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Muscle mass index MMI<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-9394\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/diagnostics\/body-composition\/total-body-bone-mineral-mass-bmc-index\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Total body bone mineral mass (BMC index)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-10521\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page parent hfe-creative-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/diagnostics\/body-composition\/fat-free-mass-index-ffmi\/\" class = \"hfe-menu-item\">Fat-free mass index FFMI<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul> \n\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The muscle mass index MMI Authors: Eva Heinen, graduate sports scientist (Univ), Prof. Dr. med. Edgar Heinen As described in the FFMI chapter, fat-free mass does not only consist of muscle mass &#8211; as described in many publications &#8211; but also of: The fat-free mass of the adipose tissue [see FFMI]. The mass of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":10297,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_custom_body_class":"","_custom_post_class":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8542","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8542","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8542"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8542\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10297"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/profheinen.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}